Buying Guide Ski Helmets for Kids or Adults

The use of ski helmets has been on the rise, and recent studies show that helmet use could prevent or reduce the severity of 44% of head injuries sustained by adult skiers and snowboarders, and 53% of those are children under 15 years old. Despite these stats, many skiers and riders are still going without ski helmets. If you've made the smart choice to buy a ski helmet, here are some basics.

Skiing Helmet Safety Standards

Ski Helmets should carry a CE, ASTM or Snell RS-98 certification. ASTM standards have been determined by a battery of tests on skiing helmet models, including testing the strength of a ski helmet's retention system under simulated hot, cold and wet conditions. Helmets undergo tests of multiple impacts and velocity forces against various sections of the ski helmet to determine performance in skiing accidents.

Trends in Ski Helmets

Comfort is a top priority for skiers and riders, and manufacturers have been focusing on ventilation, as well as the lightweight construction of a microshell to encourage wider use. Some manufacturers argue that hard shell helmets such as those worn by downhill skiers provide the most protection. For style, new shapes and cool graphics are fighting back against the "uncool" stigma of ski helmets.

Childrens Ski Helmets

Parents are recognizing the need to protect their kids heads with ski helmets and ski helmet manufacturers are making it easier. Some new models are made with "room to grow," but still provide good protection and overall value. Childrens ski helmets are also coming in cool colors, metallics and graphics. Kids also like having their own to decorate with stickers and say helmets keep them warmer.
• LidsonKids.org has more ski helmet information for parents and kids.

Kids Ski School Helmet Rules

Some ski areas have recently made rules requiring kids under 12 to wear helmets while in ski school, but do have opt-out policies or offer inexpensive kids helmet rentals at $5-$10 per day, so check before you go on your ski vacation. Buying your child their own ski helmet may be more cost effective long term and make you feel better about finding a proper helmet fit.

Fitting & Sizing Tips for Skiing Helmets

Ski Helmet Fit Basics:

1. Measure head above eyebrows, point of overlap is your size.
2. Put on helmet by grabbing side straps with rim of helmet just over eyebrows, roll helmet on.
3. Check for gaps on sides & back, should be cozy on forehead, ears and cheek areas.
4. Adjust & fasten chin strap snugly, try rolling helmet off - it should stay securely on.
5. Check goggle fit for snugness and comfort, or test other ski goggles with outrigger system for best fit.
   

Shopping Online for Ski Helmets?

It is difficult to shop online for something as critical as a ski helmet, but if you've followed the recommendations for measuring and fitting ski helmets, you can usually find the general size you or your child needs, and you can always return models that don't fit properly. If you've tried on several helmets in a ski shop, try looking online for the same models on sale or discount prices.

NO MORE EXCUSES

Of course, wearing a ski helmet should not give you a false sense of security - skiers and riders still need to be responsible on the slopes and while exploring off-piste terrain. But the benefits of wearing a helmet far outweigh the minimal cost of buying one (the price of 1 or 2 lift tickets) and may just protect your noggin from a bad injury or save your life.

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Equipment in Alpine Skiing

It is important to have the appropriate Skiing Equipment and Clothing in Alpine Skiing. A lot of fast action, maneuvers, and turns are happening in this Skiing Discipline so you need to take safety measures by using the right equipment and wearing the appropriate clothing. Here are some guidelines:

• Pay attention to the Skis that you will use, since their features matter a great deal to your performance on the slopes. Make sure that the material/s used in the Skis can adapt to the wear and tear that races can bring. The length and shape of Skis vary for every Skiing Discipline so you need to know what is suitable in Alpine Skiing. Before any race and also as part of Ski Maintenance, make sure that the Skis have sharp metal Ski Edges so you will be able to hold on the icy surface when you are making turns.
• In Alpine competitions, you need reinforced plastic Ski Boots. For both men and women, 45mm is usually the regulated maximum distance between the boot sole and your foot.
• You already know that Ski Bindings are the most important Skiing equipment as far as safe Skiing is concerned. This is because Ski Bindings are the ones that form the link between your Ski Boots and your Skis. Moreover, Ski Bindings have this release mechanism when the pressure reaches a predefined level. They make sure that you do not stay attached to your Skis during a heavy fall; otherwise, this can result to serious injuries. In Alpine Skiing, 55mm is the regulated distance between the bottom of the Skis' running surface and the sole of the Ski Boot.
• Ski Poles have features to suit the different Alpine events. For instance, Ski Poles for Slalom events should be straight and have plastic guards which cover the knuckles in order to aid the skiers when driving the Slalom poles out of their way. But if you are into Downhill and Super-G, make sure that your Ski Poles are curved and fit around the body in order to minimize air resistance.
• Just like in any other Skiing Discipline, wearing Ski Goggles in Alpine Skiing is very important. Ski goggles aid in more contrast and good visibility and protect your eyes from glare and Snow On The Slopes.
• Wear racing suits which are skin-tight in order to minimize air resistance but they must also allow air permeability. Aside from racing suits, remember to wear pads on the arms, shins, and knees in Slalom events. Likewise, a back protector is also used in Downhill Racing.
• Ski Gloves are also very essential. In Slalom events, Slalom gloves with a forearm guard made of plastic are designed to give protection when Skiing through the gates.
• Since head injuries are one of the most common Skiing injuries, wearing a helmet is crucial, especially in Downhill and Super-G events.

Just like in other Skiing Disciplines, the equipment in Alpine Skiing is also designed to suit the nature of the sport. Make sure that your gear has features and characteristics that are suitable and will meet the demands of Alpine Skiing.

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Equipment in Cross-Country Skiing

What you need in Cross-country Skiing is actually the smaller version of the equipment you would use in Alpine Skiing. The basic equipment and clothing needed in Cross-country Skiing has its own features and characteristics suitable to the nature of the sport. Here are some guidelines in the fundamental Cross-country Skiing equipment:

• Skis
  Cross-country Skis should have the features that will offer a smooth surface as the skier glides on the Snow Ski Surface and at the same time, prevent the skier to deeply sink into the Snow.
  
  Specifically, Skis are relatively longer, slimmer, and more lightweight than those used in Alpine Skiing. In Cross-country Skiing, glide zones refer to the tips and tails of the Skis and are designed to give very little resistance when the skier is making forward moves. On the other hand, kick zones refer to the central portion of the Skis. They have some kind of pattern on the base which allows them to take hold of the Snow when weight is pressed on the kick zones, particularly during the stepping motions.
  
• Ski Boots
  Since it is very essential for your ankles to bend and stretch while skiing, you need Ski Boots which allow the ankles to move easily and freely. Ski Boots must be both flexible and soft so that it allows the skier to bend forward and up on the toes regardless of the fact that the Ski Bindings securely fastens the toes of the Ski Boots.
  
  Ski Boots used in Cross-country Skiing must be made of a good material. For instance, vinyl is a good choice for the soles of the Ski Boots. Similarly, leather is an excellent material in making Ski boots, particularly the upper Boot.
  
  The kind of Ski Boots required in the Free Technique must be more firm and possess more ankle support than those Ski Boots used in the Classical Technique.
  
• Ski Bindings
  It is important that your Ski Bindings are compatible to your Ski Boots. This combination features a free-heel system wherein the heel can lift from the Ski surface when situations call for it.
  
  It would be better if your Ski Bindings have heel plates. This feature prevents sidelong movements by providing a gripping surface when the skier goes down the slope and around corners.
  
  As mentioned in previous sections, Ski Bindings are the most important Skiing equipment as far as safety is concerned. Thus, you should know how they work and make sure that they are correctly and properly fastened and fitted to your Skis and Ski Boots.
  
• Ski Poles
  Generally, if the Ski Pole comes under your armpit, that Ski Pole has the appropriate size for you. But in Cross-country Skiing, you may need Ski Poles with a different length. In the Classical Technique, your Ski Poles should reach your armpit if you are in a standing position. As for the Free Technique, you need longer and stiffer Ski Poles.
  
• Suit
  In Cross-country Skiing, wear a suit with stretch fabric. Moreover, since Ski Outfit are becoming more and more fashionable these days, do not bother to wear thick socks and/or woollies.

These are the basic gear needed when you want to Cross-country ski. Make sure that you have all the necessary equipment designed for the sport so that you will be able to fully enjoy Cross-country Skiing.

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Equipment in Ski Jumping

Ski Jumping is a highly technical Skiing Discipline. Thus, you need the appropriate Skiing equipment and Ski Outfit that will aid you as you execute your jumps as well as to ensure your safety. Here are some guidelines on Ski Jumping equipment and clothing:

• Ski jumpers use heavy jumping Skis specially designed for this Skiing Discipline. Skis are about 252 cm long and geared up with free-heel bindings.
  
• Like Jumping Skis, there are also Ski Boots manufactured for use on Ski Jumping. A Ski jumper must have Ski Boots that allow him to lean forward during a flight. These Ski Boots are flexible but firm, high-backed, and with a low cut at the front.
  
• As for the Ski Bindings, make sure that they are mounted in such manner that more than half of the Ski Length is used as the front portion. Likewise, they should be fastened parallel to the run-direction.
  
  As part of the Ski Bindings, there should be a connection cord, or the one which prevents the Skis from quivering during a flight.
  
• Ski jumpers require aerodynamic stretch Ski Jumping suits. The entirety of the Ski Jumping suit must be made of the same material. Comfort and fit matter in Ski Jumping suits so pay attention to the size. It should suit comfortably well to your body.
  
• Do not forget to wear a helmet. As mentioned before, head injuries are one of the most common injuries which occur in Skiing, and wearing a helmet can definitely reduce your risk of getting head injuries.
  
• Do not bother in acquiring Ski Poles. Surely you need not have Ski Poles in jumping off large ramps, through the air, and then coming down on a landing hill.

Dangers come with the excitement and adrenaline rush that Ski Jumping can offer. It is therefore imperative to ensure your safety. Make sure you have the right equipment and clothing which will keep you away from injuries and at the same time, allow you to perform tricks and jumps effectively.

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Helmets – An Overview

Anyone who’s been out in the Alps over the last five, or even three, years cannot failed to have noticed the increase in the number of people wearing helmets.

You don’t wear a helmet?!?
Only a few seasons ago, it was only hard-core skiers in Chamonix that wore helmets, but now helmets are not quite ubiquitous, but certainly widely worn across all resorts.

This is backed up by sales figures. Peter Radford from MyCoal, which imports Sun helmets into the UK, told Natives that worldwide helmet sales have increased by up to 200% in the last two years.

Sun Helmets - Race, Steel and Morpheus

High profile accidents such as the death of Sonny Bono have also stimulated sales, but there is a sense across the board that safety considerations are being taken more seriously, with sales of transceivers equally on the rise.

How helmets work
Many people believe that the most important purpose of a helmet is to protect them against cracking their skulls open. But just as important is the helmet’s ability to minimize trauma to the brain inside the skull.

Concussion and injury often comes from the brain (which is in motion) coming to an instantaneous halt against the inside of the skull (humans can only handle about 300g’s without severe injury)

When looking at helmets, don’t just consider the hardness of the outer shell, but make sure you check the inner liner – which will absorb most of any impact energy through compression or destruction. The outer shell helps to spread impact energy over a larger portion of the helmet.

How do I know if I have hit hard enough to need a new helmet?
Bear in mind that once the liner has been compressed in an accident (which may not be visible), the helmet has served its purpose and should be destroyed and replaced. It has given its life to protect yours!

After a fall check for any of the classic signs of a head injury – dizziness, nausea, ringing ears, loss of balance, consciousness or memory, headache, confusion, or vision disturbance.

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How to Buy Ski Bindings

Ski Bindings are very important in Skiing together with your Ski Boots as they form the link between your body and your Skis. Good Ski Bindings should give you a perfect balance between tightly gripping your Ski Boots and releasing when the pressure exceeds adjustable settings. The quality of your Ski Bindings is a very important safety issue and you should take the time and the money to select the right Ski Bindings for your Skiing needs. In this section, we will look into some guidelines in buying the appropriate Ski Bindings:

• Ski Bindings have important elements that you need to know and understand before you can run off and buy. See our article on the Components of Ski Bindings to give you ideas on the functions of these elements.
  
• Ski Boots and Ski Bindings are often a combination where not every Ski Boot is suitable for each type of Ski Binding and the other way around. Especially when you need a heel-free system, you will need to make sure that the binding-boot combination is the correct one.
  
• When choosing your Ski Bindings, it is very important to choose those that fit to your level of Skiing skill and you need to be honest about this. Ski Bindings should fit your current level but also offer you the room to grow.
  
• Beginners
  Beginners will want low DIN settings where the Skis are released quickly in case of sudden or excess pressure. For your first Bindings, you are well off with lower pressure and general Bindings that do not have to cost you a lot.
  
• Intermediate
  Intermediates should have higher and more tolerant DIN Settings. Still, the Skis should release pretty quickly in sudden movements.
  
• Advanced
  Need DIN settings that are much less tolerable as they will often be Skiing under high pressures. The Bindings should of course still release in too sudden or too stressful pressures. Advanced Bindings will be able to take a lot of pressure without releasing but they will release when the extreme pressure is followed after an unexpected movement. Very advanced skiers will have even higher DIN settings once they reach a point in their Skiing performance where retention is dangerous but where release could prove fatal. Imagine an 80 km/h descend and one Ski releases...

Ski Bindings are very important in Skiing. As mentioned before, they are Skiing equipment which forms the link between your Skis and your body. There are many factors to consider in choosing the Ski Bindings appropriate for you. In general, make sure you know the Components of the Ski Bindings since they play a big part in your Skiing performance. Moreover, bear in mind that your Ski Bindings must correspond to your Skiing skill so that you will be able to Ski effectively.

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Ski Bindings - Components and their Functions

Ski Bindings are essential in Skiing as they form the connection between the Skis and the Ski Boots and thus between your Skis and your body. All the movements and pressures you place on your Ski Boots are directed to your Skis through your Ski Bindings. Modern Ski Bindings also serve a second purpose: to release your Ski Boots when the pressure reaches a predefined level. This makes sure that in a heavy fall, your Skis do not stay attached to your legs. If they would they could serious injuries like fractures and torn ligaments.

Classic Step In Bindings

Step in Bindings is by far the most common type of Ski Bindings. They use a toe and heel piece which are attached to the Top of the Ski . The toe-side piece commonly allows sideway release and the heel piece allows upward release. It is very important to know which piece allows for which kind of release. Some toe pieces also allow upward release. Likewise some heel pieces allow sideway release. The force needed for release can be adjusted.

Release Settings

As mentioned above, most Ski Bindings use a toe and heel piece with adjustable Release Settings. The Release Settings of your Ski Bindings should be determined by the following factors:

• Height
• Weight
• Boot Length and type
• Skill Level

Ski Bindings use the internationally agreed DIN scale. The DIN scale assures that Ski Bindings worldwide release under the same force. Ski Bindings come in a DIN range where they for instance support DIN 3-7.

Setting your Ski Bindings to the correct Release Setting is essential for your safety. Dangerous situations can arise on both sides of the setting: if too loose, then the Ski can let go unexpectedly causing a fall. If too tight, then the Ski will not release if you come to a fall causing your Skis to act as levers and increasing your chance of injury. Make sure to check your DIN setting with a qualified technician.

Anti-Friction Device

Another important part of a Ski Binding is the anti-friction-device (AFD). The AFD is a small smooth pad directly behind the toe-side piece that minimizes friction if the toe-side piece is released sideways. You need to make sure that there is at least 1 mm of free space between the sole of your boot and the AFD. Most AFDs simply use a smooth surface but some more advanced models use mechanical moving parts to make sure the boot rolls or glides sideways if needed.

Ski Brakes

When Skis are released from the Ski Bindings they of course run the risk of sliding down the slope, increasing in speed and possibly hitting other skiers. To minimize this risk, Ski Bindings have Ski brakes. Ski brakes are levers which flip down the moment a Ski Binding is released. In this way, the arms of the Ski brakes dig into the Snow Ski Surface causing the Ski to stop gliding.

Forward Pressure

The Ski Bindings need to stay firmly attached to the Ski even when the Ski bends. If the Ski Bindings did not give any lengthway flexibility, then the Ski Bindings would jam if the Skis were bent. To prevent this, Ski Bindings provide adjustable forward pressure. This makes sure that heel piece is pressed forward against the Ski Boot.

Lifted Bindings

Nowadays, almost all Ski Bindings are lifted from the ski top surface. Modern Ski Bindings use connected structures with plates running between the toe and heel piece. This lifts the boot up from the ski surface. Having Lifted Bindings allows for easier carved turns as the Ski Boot is less likely to skid the Snow.

Vibration Dampening

For more advanced skiers, it becomes important to dampen vibrations in high speed descends and carved turns. Many Ski Bindings use rubber or other material to act as vibration dampeners. Some more advanced bindings have more complex mechanisms.

For-aft adjustment

Some Ski Bindings allow you to move your bindings position either more to the front or to the back of your Ski. In this way, you can adjust your body positioning. This can be very helpful for instance when you ski deep Powder Snow Condition and you want your body weight to be more of the back of your Skis to prevent them from digging in the Snow.

Alpine Touring Bindings

Alpine Touring Bindings are bindings that allow the toe to hinge at the toe-side piece and allow the heel to disengage from the Ski all together. This allows for a much more natural walking movement similar to the technique used in Cross-country Skiing. The difference is that the the heel-side piece can be locked again, allowing the Ski Binding to be used as a regular step in binding. This combination can be used in Alpine Skiing and Cross-country Skiing where walking with Skis on is no longer bothersome.

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Ski Bindings - Having the Correct Release Setting

The purpose of Ski Bindings is not merely to form the connection between your Ski Boots and your Skis as well as your Skis and your body. The kind of Ski Bindings you have also affects your Skiing performance. There are some models of Ski Bindings which allow more flex in your Skis, while others enhance how a Ski bends into a true arc- an ability that you will not be able to do without the Ski Bindings.

Another feature related to Ski Bindings is the Prerelease, or when your Skis come off earlier than expected. Though Prerelease can give more thrill and excitement, you surely do not want to have unnecessary releases especially if you are skiing with speed. When this happens, Skiers consider increasing the release setting of their Ski Bindings. What you need is a balance between retention and release. In this section, we will look at some guidelines on how to avoid having premature releases and finding the correct Release setting for your Ski Bindings:

• The setting of your Ski Bindings is greatly affected by your age, height, weight, length of your Ski Boot sole, and Skiing skill. Therefore, make sure that all the information you gave to the Ski Binding technician are correct.
• With the information you gave, the technician will set your Ski Bindings. The settings should be set properly and the technician must check and re-check if the settings are accurate. This is very crucial since dangerous situations can happen if your Ski Bindings do not have the correct release settings. If the setting is too loose, your Skis can let go prematurely that will result to a fall. On the other hand, if the setting is too tight, your Skis will not release during a fall, leading to more injuries.
• To make sure that your Ski Bindings are determined and set correctly, you can have a Torque test. In this test, the ski shop technician checks if your Ski Bindings have the proper Release settings. The Release setting of the Ski Binding of one Ski must match that of the Ski Binding of the other one.
• You can increase the indicator setting of your Ski Bindings to find the balance between retention and release. One way is to change your information on skier type. If you still experience premature releases at your present classification, you can revise it and move a notch higher. However, bear in mind that the jump in indicator settings will be affected.
  
  Another thing you can do should you decide to increase the indicator setting of your Ski Bindings is to inform the shop technician on the indicator setting that you want. You can have some small changes on your setting. At this point, you should take the responsibility of whatever decision you make.

It is very important to know how Ski Bindings really work. Likewise, you need to understand that Ski Bindings having incorrect Release settings can jeopardize your safety.

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Ski Boots -- Testing 1, 2, 3
 
by: Jim Safianuk

Since the initiation of the turn starts with the foot, and the foot rests inside the boot, it seems logical to begin this ski equipment series of articles with the ski boot. If your boots are uncomfortable, don't flex adequately, or your feet are out of alignment, your performance and technique will be adversely affected. In addition, foot comfort and alignment are critical for expert skiers, since they affect the ability to maintain a balanced stance.

Softer Ski Boots for Shaped Skis

With the advent of shaped skis, subtle foot-and-ankle steering has almost replaced the need to apply strong forward pressure to the tips of the skis. To compensate, boot manufacturers began to make ski boots with more natural flex built right into the design. The result is a softer more comfortable ski boot, with better handling characteristics.

With regards to the aspiring all-terrain skier who has recently purchased shaped skis or is contemplating a new pair of super side-cuts, we'll take a look at a number of different manufacturers and models in a future article. The ski boots we examine will be geared to the expert skier. First, we’ll cover the Stance Test, Knee Tracking Test, Ankle Flexion Test, and To get a Good Fit find a Good Fitter.

In this way, you'll be knowledgeable about your own feet and stance, as well as about boot mechanics and terminology when you approach your local boot fitter.

For those who are happy with their straight-sided or subtle side-cut skis, and conventional ski boots, please stay with us! There are a two upcoming articles related to ski boots that still might interest you especially if you are having trouble with your boots in terms of fit, comfort, or stiffness. You may just need an external flex adjustment, an internal modification to eliminate a pressure point, or a foot bed to replace the original insole that came with your ski boots.

Stance Test

To ski like an expert, you need a stable platform for your feet, and your body must be in alignment. How important is it for you to ride a flat ski? If you are a beginner, maybe it's not that important. If you are an aspiring expert, proper alignment is essential. Put another way, a strong stable foot that's properly balanced makes for a strong skier.

In this section, and the next two, we'll examine whether or not you have stance issues and alignment problems. To test if you have a problem with your stance, stand in front of a mirror and slowly bring your legs together.

What's best? A slightly knock-kneed stance is considered to be best for downhill skiing. However, too much knock is not good. In addition, all bow-legged stances make it difficult to accurately pressure the edges of your skis. Make a note of your stance, so you can discuss with your boot fitter.

Knee Tracking Test

Knee Tracking tests to see whether or not your knees track straight when you flex forward.

• Find a partner to help you measure.
• Stand with your feet six to eight inches apart.
• Measure the distance between your knees with a tape measure.
• Flex forward and ensure that your heels remain on the floor.
• Now, measure the distance between your knees again.

If the distance between your knees increases or decreases, your foot is rolling inward or outward, respectively. Ideally, you want your knees to track straight when you flex forward. If they don't, it's a sign that your foot is collapsing. You may need the support offered by a foot bed, which is a custom insole molded for your particular foot. Make a note of your test result, so you can discuss with your boot fitter.

Ankle Flexion Test

It is critical for the expert skier to find out whether or not he/she is transferring energy efficiently to the front of the boot. The following test can be used to determine your flexion range.

• Find a partner to help you with this test.
• Stand with your feet six to eight inches apart.
• Flex forward and ensure that your heels remain on the floor.

If you can flex the front of your knees forward to a point between the base of your big toe and approximately one inch beyond it, you have a good range of flexion. However, if your knees stop at your instep or go way past the big toe, you need to have your boots flex-tuned for your particular lower body. Make a note of this test result, so you can discuss with your boot fitter.

To get a Good Fit find a Good Fitter

Armed with your stance, knee tracking, and ankle flexion test results and a pair of ski socks that you will be wearing during the ski season, it's time to visit a reputable ski shop in your area. What do you mean by a reputable ski shop?

A sporting goods store sells all types of equipment, whereas a ski shop specializes in ski equipment and clothes in the fall and winter months. A good ski shop will have trained and experienced ski boot fitters on staff. If you can't find such a store locally, drive to the nearest town or city which has a shop suited to your needs.

Comfort and Performance

Once inside the ski shop, prepare to spend three to four hours for a proper fit. Yes, three to four hours! You'll be wearing the boots for the next five to ten years, so it's imperative that you spend the time initially to get the best fit. As an aspiring expert, you want the best fit possible, so you can reap the best of both worlds. You need to strike a balance between comfort and performance.

In terms of comfort, the expert skier needs a boot that he or she buckles up in the morning, and rarely needs to adjust throughout the day. There should be no pain, pinching, or pressure points, and your feet should never get numb or cold. The fit should be so good that you don't mind leaving them tightened up during your lunch break.

In terms of performance, aspiring experts need boots that they hardly know they are wearing. The boot should feel like an extension of the foot. When you roll your ankle and foot, even slightly, you should get a lightning fast response from the inside of the boot to the edge of the ski. The time lag should be minimal.

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Ski Boots – Align and Adjust
 
by: Jim Safianuk

If your ski boots are uncomfortable, don't flex adequately, and/or your feet are out of alignment, your performance and technique will be adversely affected. In addition, foot comfort and alignment are critical for expert skiers, since they affect the ability to maintain a balanced stance, as well as a flat ski.

With regards to the aspiring all-terrain skier who is contemplating a new pair of boots, we'll take a look at a number of different boot manufacturers and models in a future article. The ski boots we examine will be geared to the expert skier.

First, we need to cover the following topics:

• Internal Alignment of the Foot
• External Lateral Cuff Adjustment of the Lower Leg
• External Forward Lean Adjustment of the Shin
• External Heel Lift Adjustment of the Foot
• External Forward Flex Adjustment of the Shin

In this way, you'll be knowledgeable about foot alignment, lateral cuff, forward lean, heel lift, forward flex, and associated terminology when you approach your local boot fitter.

Internal Alignment of the Foot

Expert skiing depends on a balanced stance, and balance begins with the feet. Foot comfort and alignment are crucial. Most skiers need specialized boot alignment to achieve a stance that allows easy balance over one foot, and one ski at a time. From the Stance Test in the first article entitled Ski Boots: Testing 1,2,3 we found that a strong, stable foot that's properly balanced makes for a strong skier.

In addition, from the Knee Tracking Test in the same article we discovered that ideally you want your knees to track straight when you flex forward. If they don't, it's a sign that you need the support offered by a foot bed, which is a custom insole molded for your particular foot.

During the boot fitting process, internal foot alignment woes can be minimized or even eliminated with the help of a pair of foot beds. The top part of each bed is molded to the shape of your foot, while the bottom part of each insole is designed to keep your foot aligned within the boot so it won't collapse.

So, with foot beds you get the best of both worlds. Foot comfort is achieved by having insoles that are molded to the shape of your feet. On the other hand, proper alignment of the feet stems from the bottom of the foot beds. When you flex forward yours knees should now track straight. With the correct internal alignment you can establish a stance that is now balanced and stable.

After the foot beds are molded, you need to remove the insoles that came with your boots and replace them with the foot beds.

External Lateral Cuff Adjustment of the Lower Leg

If you are an aspiring expert, proper alignment is essential. Put another way, a strong stable foot that's properly balanced makes for a strong skier. From the Stance Test in the previous article we found that a slightly knock-kneed stance is considered to be the best for downhill skiing. However, too much knock is not good. In addition, all bow-legged stances make it difficult to accurately pressure the edges of your skis.

Aside from the internal foot alignment from the use of custom foot beds, most boots are equipped with dual, external, upper-cuff adjustments to help you achieve the proper alignment and establish a balanced and stable stance. The cuff adjustments allow the upper part of the boot to be shifted laterally, which compensates for the angles of the bones in the lower leg.

A knock-kneed or bow-legged person can make adjustments that are geared to his or her particular lower body. The inclination of the cuff can be adjusted toward the lateral side, as well as toward the medial side, as necessary.

External Forward Lean Adjustment of the Shin

Many of the newer boots on the market now come equipped with external devices to control the forward inclination of the shin while you ski. This adjustment is usually located on the outside of the boot near the ankle.

Control of the forward inclination of the shin will determine at what angle your leg is held within your boot. It can also be described as the amount of bend at the ankle and knee that produces a given amount of forward lean in the shin.

If you feel your boots are keeping you from establishing a neutral, athletic stance, or restricting your range of motion, you can experiment with the forward lean adjustment, providing your boots are equipped with such a device.

Although you can adjust this control yourself, it's best to have this shaft alignment and adjustment done by a good, boot fitter. Make sure you have the forward inclination set initially by the boot fitter in the ski shop after you've purchased new boots. If you have any alignment problems during the season bring your boots back to the shop for a fine tuning.

External Heel Lift Adjustment of the Foot

Many of the newer boots on the market now come equipped with an external device to control the canting of the foot while you ski. The control is located on the outside either behind the heel or near the arch.

Adjustment of the heel lift in the foot will change the angle at which your foot rests in the bottom of your boot. This works to get you centered over your skis by shifting your center of mass either further ahead or further behind depending on which way the screw is turned.

However, the hell lift is not a common adjustment because not many boots are equipped with this device. If you don't have this adjustment screw on your boots, you can insert a tapered shim to increase the angle under the foot on the inside of the boot near the back.

External Forward Flex Adjustment of the Shin

From the Ankle Flexion Test in the first article, Ski Boots: Testing 1,2,3, we discovered that if you can flex the front of your knees forward to a point between the base of your big toe and approximately one inch beyond it, you have a good range of flexion.

However, if your knees stop at your instep or go way past the big toe, you need to have your boots flex-tuned for your particular lower body.

If your boots are equipped with such a device, a 2-postion flex adjustment will be located on the outside of the boot near the ankle. This control alters the amount of resistance to the forward movement of your shins due to the bending in your ankles.

An all-terrain skier who does a lot of mogul or powder skiing may need to increase the forward flex in his or her boots to make them less stiff. The skier with softer-flexing boots will adapt much better because his or her boots will work to absorb such variations in the terrain or soft snow. Therefore, much of the energy of impact is not transferred directly to the skier.

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Ski Boots


You can have the best skis or boards in the world, but unless you have comfortable and responsive boots, you're not going anywhere!

Whether you like to cruise, hit the off-piste or the park, you need the boots to help you do the job, and there are probably going to be your first equipment purchase ahead of skis or a board.

What is a boot for?
It's not just for keeping your feet dry! Your boot is your link to your skis and the movements you want it to make against the snow. It has to be able to translate your choices effectively and, as you could be wearing them for up to 8 hours in a day, comfortably.

What sort of boot?
Recreational skiers should generally look at a flexible boot, but if you're really looking for performance from your boots, you should be looking at stiffer, more supportive models.

Rear-entry boots provided a few amusing puns for skiers in the late-80s and 90s, but although comfortable and easy to do up, these are really only suitable for beginners or low-intermediates. Afront- or mid-entry boot offers a much higher level of control, and modern technology (see 'fitting') allows a much more comfortable fit.

Footbeds - the foundation of the ski  

There are very few boots that will fit you 'like a glove' (like a sock?) first time round. However, footbeds are essentially the foundation of the ski and custom footbeds will greatly enhance your stability, support, comfort and alignment.

Ask the Boot Doctor...
Profeet, based in London, are specialists who can arrange footbeds for you, and Hamish the Boot Doctor, can answer all your boot related questions.

Other pressure points, caused by odd-shaped bones toes can also be tackled with some 'surgery' on your boot. This can include heating the shell to change the shape, adding or cutting out padding.

Foam Boots
Most boots are made in a similar way, with a tough outer shell and a soft removable inner. It is possible to create a bespoke foam inner by injecting a polyurethane foam which then forms around your feet when it solidifies. Some boots on the market, like the Atomic race boot shown on the right, include a foam system as standard.

Boot Fitting
Whether renting or buying, we recommend taking the advice of a qualified boot fitter. They will make sure you get the right foot measurement - known as MONDO point sizing in the world of skiing. Then it's the simple matter of finding the right boots. Make sure you have a pair of ski socks with you.

Points to watch for:
- Make sure your foot cannot move about inside the boot, but is not too tight.
- stand up in the boot, leaning back - your toes should not touch the front
- can you lift your heel up, it shouldn't have much give
- can you move your foot from side to side, without moving the boot

One final tip - if all of the above applies and your boots are still giving you pain - change them!

Choosing a ski boot
Most skiers, even occasional recreational skiers, recognize the benefits of owning your own equipment over renting at the slopes. Ski boots are a highly specialized type of footwear designed to specific parameters to suit various types of skiers and skiing. The type of ski boot you need will depend on a number of factors including: your level of experience and technical skill as a skier, the type of skiing you do, where you ski and your budget

Snowboard Boots
Compared to ski boots, snowboard boots are like slippers. You can still make them more comfortable, with heat moldable liners, but the exteriors tend to be soft, with leather/man-made outers, rather than hard plastic like ski boots. As detailed in our snowboard page, step-in bindings require special boots, while carving boards can require specialist boots or even ski boots.

Boot Tips
- Don't leave them in the car/outside overnight
- Dry your boots each day
- Do up the buckles on your boots at the end of each day
- Consider two pairs of thin socks if one thick pair isn't working

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Components and Features of Ski Boots Proper Ski Boot Fit is the most essential element in choosing the right Ski Boots. It is a good thing that Ski Boots have various Components which can help you in deciding which Ski Boots provide the Proper Ski Boot Fit. In addition to this, Ski Boots also have other important Features such as the different adjustments to aid you while Skiing. In this section, we will take a look at the different Components and Features of Ski Boots:

Plastic Outer Shell

Ski Boots typically have a stiff Plastic Outer Shell that gives the Ski Boot its sturdy support and the most direct transfer of body movements to the Skis. They protect your ankles and feet from bending to far and possible injury. The outer shell is waterproof and tough enough to protect your feet and lower legs from impacts. The outer shell size is very important in finding the right Ski Boot as it is always fixed and will not flex or change at all.

Inner Boot

The padded inner bladder keeps your feet warm and the padding protects you from impacts. Different manufacturers make different kinds of liners for different kinds of feet. It is very important to make sure that the liner is snug and has the shape that matches your feet. The Inner Boot will change as you use your Ski Boot more. It will get compressed.

Power Strap

The Velcro strap at the top end of the Ski Boot can be used to make sure that the top of the Ski Boot gives a snug fit, connecting well with your calves and shin.

Entry Point

Most common Ski Boots have either top or rear entry. Rear entry boots allow you to slide your foot into the boot from the rear. One or two clips are used for fastening the boot and adjusting the fit. Top entry boots use more clips and you need to insert your foot from the top. Mid-entry boots have both a flexible front and back side allowing you to slip your foot into the boot in the middle. In general, rear entry boots are easier to use but top entry boots give more support. Nevertheless, both Ski Boots have top end models that give both great comfort and fit.

Flex Adjustment

This adjustment allows you to change the amount of resistance to the forward movement of your ankle. You can make this flex stiffer or softer. People often use this feature to compensate the flexibility changes of the boot under cold and warm weather conditions.

Forward Lean Adjustment

This allows you to change the angle that your shin makes with the boot closed. By using this adjustment, you are able to change your stance and center of mass.

Lateral Upper-Cuff Adjustment

This adjustment allows you to shift the upper boot. This feature is very useful for bowlegged or knock-kneed people who need to adjust their upper boot to the angle of their lower legs. Many boots only offer lateral upper-cuff adjustment, while some more advanced models offer this adjustment for the inner boot as well.

Ramp Angle Adjustment

Some boots allow you to change the angle in which your feet rest on the sole of your boot. In this way, you are able to shift your center of mass forward or backward.

Ski-Walk Adjustment

This adjustment allows the boot's upper cuff to hinge backward. This will give you the room you need for a more natural walking motion. Although this is a handy feature, most skiers choose for a more solid rear in favor of walking comfort.

You need to bear in mind that having the Proper Fit on your Ski Boots is the most important thing to consider as far as Ski Boots are concerned. If you are finding the right pair for you, it really pays to know the various Components as well as the Features of Ski Boots. Moreover, you will be able to identify the strengths and weaknesses if you know the Ski Boots inside and out.

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Having the Proper Ski Boot Fit
As mentioned before, having the Proper Fit is the most important element in Ski Boots. The worst thing you can do is to choose Ski Boots just for aesthetic value. Ski Boots provide support and rigidity to the feet, allow the energy of the skier to be transmitted to the Skis, and protect the skier from injuries during Skiing. With these essential functions, you certainly cannot afford to take the process of choosing the appropriate Ski Boots for granted. To help you in finding the Ski Boots with the Proper Fit, here are some guidelines:

• Keep in mind that normal shoe sizes are not used in Ski Boots. Most Ski Boot manufacturers quote sizes using the mondopoint system. This is the length of the inside of the inner Ski Boot and measures foot length in centimeters.
• Since feet have the tendency to swell during the day, there many Ski experts recommend purchasing Ski Boots in the afternoons or during evenings. You need to find the Ski Boots which give you superb comfort and Proper Fit so make sure that you have adequate time to try several pairs of Ski Boots and get the "feel" of each pair until you find the right Ski Boots for you.
• Wear the socks that you will be wearing on the slopes. It is harder to find the right Ski Boots if you are wearing socks that are either very thick or very thin.
• When you go to the Ski shop, the salesperson will measure your feet. Besides determining your foot's length and width, he will also inspect if you have a high instep or any foot irregularities that must be accommodated by the Ski Boots. Then he will bring some Ski Boot models that best correspond to your feet's needs. Listen to the salesperson's advice, but the decision is definitely up to you, since you are the one who will be using the Ski Boots.
• When you are already buckled in, the Ski Boots must fit you comfortably - not too loose and not too tight that they hinder circulation. Make sure that your toes are near the front of the Ski Boot and not stuck against it. Stand up and bend your knees in such a way that your shins push against the front of the Ski Boots. Your heel should remain in place and your foot must remain still inside the Ski Boot when you do this.
• If you already have the Ski Boots that you think are comfortable for you, do not buy them right away. Keep them on for at least 15 minutes and walk around so you will feel what it is like when the Ski Boots are at work. Bending your knees so that your shins push against the Ski Boot tongue will tell you about the stiffness of the Ski Boots you're wearing. The Ski Boot is soft if it flexes easily. However, if you cannot flex it forward, it can be an indicator that it is too stiff for your weight or Skiing skill.
• After wearing the Ski Boots for a while, check if you feel pain in some vulnerable points such as your ankle bones, shins, as well as toes.
• In the event that two pairs of Ski Boots feel comfortable for you, wear the left Ski Boot of the first pair and the right Ski Boot of the second pair. After keeping them on for a while, do the same for the right Ski Boot of the first pair and left Ski Boot of the second pair. Then decide which pair gives more comfort to you.

Obviously, finding the Ski Boots with the Proper Fit cannot be done in a hurry. Allot enough time when purchasing Ski Boots. Try several pairs until you find the right one that provides the comfort and accurate fit you need. If impatience starts to get you, motivate yourself by imagining all the fun you will experience if you are skiing with comfortable Ski Boots. Likewise, the time you invested in choosing the appropriate Ski Boots will surely pay off when you are on the slopes.

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The Different Types of Ski Boots

Just like in any other equipment in Skiing, Ski Boots also come in different types and styles. Basically, there are three Types of Ski Boots which differ primarily in the way the Ski Boots close around the boot and your lower leg - Rear-entry Ski Boots, Front-entry, and the Mid-entry or Central Entry Ski Boots. Each Ski Boot Type has its own strengths and features so get familiar with these Types in order to select the right pair suitable to your Skiing skill. In this section, we will focus on the basic Ski Boot Types:

• Rear-entry Ski Boots
  Are the simplest and cheapest model of Ski Boots. They are the appropriate choice for novices and offer excellent comfort and ease in putting and taking them off by just unbuckling a flap located at the rear of the Ski Boot. You can still find Rear-entry Ski Boots in some rental shops.
• Front-entry Ski Boots
  Offer excellent control and precision while Skiing. Also known as Overlap Ski Boots, Front-entry Ski Boots are widely recognized because this design provides the best in terms of versatility and performance. This Ski Boot Type reaches way above your ankle and four buckles close the Ski Boots above a well-padded tongue. For Front-entry Ski Boots, its rear end may be cut a little higher compared to its sides. This high cut is called the spoiler. This feature prevents you from shifting too far back.
• Mid-entry Ski Boots
  Are the Type of Ski Boots which provide the strengths of the Rear-entry and Front-entry Ski Boots. They are made to merge both the convenience offered by Rear-entry Ski Boots as well as the great performance and versatility of Front-entry Ski Boots. You can recognize Mid-entry Ski Boots by a wide-opening cuff which opens to the front and to the back. Though this Ski Boot Type does not have the same regard as the Front-entry Ski Boots, Mid-entry Ski Boots can still be a very good alternative.

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Ski Buying Guide - How to Buy Skis

Once you have some Skiing experience using rental Skis you might want to consider purchasing your own Skis. Not only are you then able to pick exactly the Skis that you want, they are also yours to fine tune and get accustomed to. In this section, we will look at some guidelines before you buy Skis.

• Before you buy Skis, make sure you have some ideas on the different aspects of Skis. It is advisable if you already know something about the different Parts and Features of Skis, the materials they are made of, and the various Ski Types. Doing so will roughly give you a general picture of what will suit your Skiing needs.
• As discussed in our Skiing Disciplines section, there are many Skiing Disciplines and variations. You will carefully want to consider what you are going to use the Skis for. Are you going to use it for a single Discipline or should you be able to do more than one with a single pair? Most skiers are Alpine Skiers who have the most variety and choice in gear. Their gear is also generally built for basic downhill Skiing in Ski resort. Notice however that Alpine Skiing cannot be used for Telemark Skiing. Make sure to know what you want to do and how specialized your gear has to be.
• Your skill level is the second most important factor. You will want to buy Skis that are designed for a skill level slightly higher than the one you currently posses. If you buy for your current level then it will hamper your learning curve. If you are a novice and you buy Skis designed for Skiers with a higher skill level, then you will be trying to figure out your Skis most of the time instead of actually learning.
• The surface is another factor that you need to pay attention to. Although all Skis will basically work on all surfaces, many Skis are designed to either perform perfectly under a specific surface or to offer general good performance on a multitude of surfaces. Are you planning to stay on well-groomed pistes in resort or are you going off piste? If you are planning to go back country Skiing, then you will want to go for specific backcountry Skis.
• Women have a different body build where their center of mass is lower than with men. This causes women to have the tendency to lean back more. Women also weigh less than men, which means that their Skis need to be more flexible to gain the same flex in turns as men do. If you are a woman, it is wise to buy Skis specifically designed for women. They are lighter in weight, more flexible and the Ski Bindings are set more to the front to accommodate the lower center of mass.
• Determine the appropriate Ski Length for you. There are a couple of basic guidelines in Choosing Skis with the Right Ski Length.
• Modern Skis have taken much of the knowledge and expertise of Snowboarding Camber and Sidecut Radius to come with more effective Ski shapes. It really depends on your Skiing purpose to find the right shape for you. In general, a Ski with more Sidecut (and thus a rounder shape) will make it easier to make (carving) turns. Shaped Skis should also be shorter than regular Skis to further aid you in turning.

As pointed before, Skis are the most important Skiing equipment, and there are various types and features of Skis available in the market. Therefore, you need to take a lot of things into consideration before buying Skis. You will save a lot of time and effort if you already have something in mind of what features the Skis must have. You will surely improve your Skiing skill and have loads of fun in the slopes if you have the Skis appropriate for you.

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Clothing Size Chart

Tips for Fitting
When purchasing snowboarding jackets use your regular shirt/jacket/coat size as a guide. Both snowboard jackets and pants leave extra room for long underwear, fleece and/or sweats.

Junior Sizing
When sizing for Juniors, don't forget to factor in a little room for growth; sizing up saves money in the long run.

K2 Snowboard Clothing Sizing
K2 Snowboard Jackets and pants generally fit to the sizing charts for Black Dot/Bonfire/House-Evol-Fusion for both men and women.

Volcom Snowboard Clothing Sizing
Volcom Snowboard jackets and pants generally fit to the sizing charts for Black Dot/Bonfire/House-Evol-Fusion for both men and women. NOTE: The cut in Volcom jackets and pants is slightly more generous than in other brands.

DC Snowboard Clothing Sizing
DC Snowboard jackets and pants generally fit to the sizing charts for Black Dot/Bonfire/House-Evol-Fusion for both men and women. NOTE: The cut in DC jackets and pants is slightly more generous than in other brands.

Planet Earth Snowboard Clothing Sizing
Planet Earth Snowboard jackets and pants generally fit to the sizing charts for Black Dot/Bonfire/House-Evol-Fusion for both men and women. NOTE: The cut in Planet Earth pants are slightly smaller than in other brands.

World Industries Youth Clothing Sizing
World Industries jackets and pants for juniors generally fit to the sizing charts for Black Dot/Bonfire/House-Evol-Fusion.

Mitt and Glove Sizing
When measuring, use a tape measure and keep measuring tape snug, but not tight. Measure your hand around the knuckles with hand flat, thumb excluded, for normal glove size. Those at the lower end of the size, who want a closer fit, order one size smaller. Those at the upper end of the size, who want a looser fit, order one size larger.

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Ski Gear - What you need to go Skiing

In this section, take a look at the basics that you will need to go Skiing. We are going to go through the gear in Three Layer System. This site has details on most of the items discussed in this section and we sell many items in our shop. Make sure to notice the links at the bottom of each Type of Ski Gear.

Base Layer

Second Layer

Finishing the Basics

There are various Skiing equipment and Ski Outfit that you need before hitting the slopes. They ensure your safety and help you in improving your Skiing performance. Make sure you are geared up and have all the essentials in Skiing on your way to a fun Skiing experience.

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Ski Pole Buying Guide - How to Buy Ski Poles

It entails a lot of considerations in buying Ski Poles. Ski Poles work well when they are lightweight and have a comfortable grip so you need to pay attention to details. You also need to get familiar with the Parts of Ski Poles. Aside from these, it is important to choose Ski Poles with the appropriate Ski Pole Length, since it greatly affects your performance in Skiing. Here are some basic guidelines that can help you when buying Ski Poles:

• Wear your Ski gloves when buying Ski Poles so you can tell the "feel" of Ski Pole grip.
• Know what material/s the Ski Poles is/are made of. Most are made of graphite, fiberglass, aluminum, or composite. This can give you an idea on the characteristics of Ski Poles. For instance, graphite Ski Poles are lightweight and very strong. Aluminum Ski Poles are affordable but they can flex or snap when you crash. Composite Ski Poles do not bend when you fall, longer-lasting, and are becoming cost-effective like the Aluminum Ski Poles.
• Ski Pole Length is the most important basic characteristic of Ski Poles. If your Ski Poles are too short, you will tend to lean forward too much. The opposite is true when your Ski Poles are too long. Pole Length will determine your stance so you need to make sure you choose the Ski Poles with the correct Pole Length. Here is a simple way of determining the right Ski Pole Length:

• Stand up straight and put your arms on your sides.
• Turn the Ski Pole upside down and hold the pointed end under the Ski Pole Basket.
• With the Ski Pole Grip touching the ground and while holding the bottom of the Ski Pole, your forearm must stay parallel to the ground. If there is a need to lift or lower your arm, that Ski Pole is not the right one for you.

• Decide what type of Grip you want. Ski Poles vary when it comes to Grip. Some have straps made of nylon which you can go on your wrists, while others have a plastic loop which surrounds the Grip.
• Determine the size of Basket that you need. It is better if you already know the type of Snow on the Ski area. If you will Ski on softer Snow, it is advisable to choose bigger Baskets, while smaller Baskets will do the work on hard-packed Snow. Consider buying Ski Poles with two interchangeable Basket sizes.
• If you are fascinated with Mogul Skiing, ask a Ski shop professional regarding the newest pole technology on swing weight efficiency and aerodynamics.
• You can also buy used Ski Poles from garage sales and end-of-season sales. Try searching at rental Ski shops on Ski Resorts which are clearing up their Ski gear at the end of the season.

There are many things to put into consideration when it comes to buying Ski Poles. It is always better to have some knowledge on the Parts of Ski Poles, the type of Snow on your Ski area, and of course, your Skiing skills before heading to a Ski shop. Make sure to choose the Ski Poles which meet your requirements and your Skiing needs.

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Ski Poles - Parts of the Ski Pole

Though they are the last-considered piece of equipment in Skiing, Ski Poles play a significant role in the sport. They are your tools in maintaining balance in the Ski area. Moreover, Ski Poles help you in effectively moving on a flat or uphill slope and they serve as support in getting up when you fall. With purposes as essential as these, it is only imperative to know the basic Parts of your Ski Poles. Basically, there are three main parts - Grip, Shaft, and Basket. Each has its own characteristics and function. In this section, we will take a look at the different Parts of Ski Poles:

Grip/Handle

Is the most essential part of Ski Poles. It is a molded rubber or plastic hand grip located at the top of the Shaft. Usually, the Grip has indentations for your fingers. At the top of the Grip, there is an adjustable strap which you can loosen for your gloved hand to slip in bu